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arXiv AI Papers

Selective Retrieval Routing for Multi-Violation Knowledge Graph Repair

Knowledge graphs often contain missing or inconsistent facts that undermine the applications built on them. Schema validation detects such violations but does not identify which of several valid repairs recovers the intended graph. External corpora can supply the evidence needed to identify the intended repair, but retrieving from them is costly and not always successful. We propose a framework for selective retrieval in iterative graph repair. An LLM repair agent explores and edits the graph, while a router controls its access to a researcher agent that retrieves external evidence. We extend a violation-injection framework to generate cases with multiple compatible violations and known reference repairs. The agent's repair outcomes on these cases provide supervision for training the deployment-specific router. On two building-automation datasets, researcher access improves repairs for some violations and degrades them for others, with effects differing across deployments. The router uses fewer repair-time tokens than always enabling access in all six evaluation suites. It achieves higher repair F_1 than always disabling access in five of six suites.

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arXiv AI Papers

Permanent and Transient Representations for Continual Reinforcement Learning

Continual Reinforcement Learning (CRL) agents struggle to adapt to new situations while retaining prior knowledge, leading to a stability-plasticity trade-off. One approach to solving this problem is by using complementary learning systems: one for slow, long-term learning and another for quick, transient adaptation. Anand & Precup (2023) instantiated this idea using permanent and transient value functions, but used the same features in both systems. Intuitively, long-term learning should rely more on parametric representations for broad generalization, while transient learning would be best served by non-parametric representations for situation-specific adaptation. In this paper, we explore this idea both theoretically and empirically. By introducing a novel non-parametric approximation for estimating the transient value function in complex tasks, we demonstrate that our method enables online learning and outperforms competitive baselines on image-based tasks and Craftax-Classic, underscoring the effectiveness of our system-level decomposition.

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arXiv AI Papers

How Should Agents See Code? Rethinking Code Representations for Agentic Software Engineering

LLM agents are increasingly used for repository-level software engineering tasks. However, most agents still access repositories through raw files, lexical search, and shell commands, treating code primarily as text. This paper investigates map-based code-representation workflows as a design variable in agentic software engineering, examining how different repository views change agents' retrieval behavior, task success, token use, and latency. In this paper, we study five code-representation workflows: abstract syntax trees, call graphs, module dependencies, documentation-enriched search, and a hybrid workflow that combines them. Each workflow exposes a repository map that the agent can query during a task. We evaluate Claude Code with Haiku 4.5 against a raw-tool baseline on four repository-level tasks: fault localization with LinuxFLBench, repository-level code generation and repair with SWE-bench Pro, test generation with SWT-bench, and security patching with SecBench. The results show that representation workflows are most useful as token-saving tools when localization is the bottleneck, while their success gains narrow when the decisive step is patch or test authoring. On LinuxFLBench, all five workflows improve recall@10 over the baseline (0.757-0.829 vs. 0.717) and reduce token usage by 25-39%. On SWE-bench Pro, resolution remains close to the baseline (44.3-50.6% vs. 49.0%) while token usage drops by 17-26%. On SecBench, Callgraph has the highest patch-resolution rate in this sample (34.3% vs. 28.9%) and uses fewer tokens, but all workflows increase latency. On SWT-bench, Hybrid and Docs have the highest reproducing-test rates in this sample (47.8% and 47.2% vs. 44.7%), but all workflows use more tokens and take longer. Overall, map-based workflows change both what the agent inspects and how much it spends, but their benefits are task-dependent rather than universal.

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arXiv AI Papers

Using Transformers for Teaching and Learning via Symbolic Distillation of Neural A-life Agents

Neural networks controlling behavior of A-life agents can evolve over multiple generations. While effective in making the agents survive, such networks are generally opaque to a human observer. Furthermore, the neural weights cannot be transferred between agents with different neural architectures. Distilling such neural networks into compact symbolic policies can help humans understand agent behavior in A-life. Additionally, it allows the agents to share their knowledge in a compact fashion, improving population-level learning. Distilling a neural policy into a symbolic policy is typically performed by searching the space of symbolic policies to find one that approximates the neural policy. However, even with a domain-specific language the space of policies can be large, necessitating incomplete stochastic search such as genetic algorithms. Yet the distillation remains computationally expensive. We propose to instead use a transformer pre-trained on readily available random percept-action data. Doing so speeds up distillation substantially. We derive the transformer architecture via a neural architecture search. Empirical results compare different distillation methods and the influence of the symbolic space on A-life population dynamics through self-reflection and teaching and learning.

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arXiv AI Papers

Goal Revelation as a Bridge Between Information-Theoretic Empowerment and Capability-Based Human Power

Power matters for AI safety. Optimal agents tend to acquire power across a wide range of objectives (instrumental convergence). As we embed AI agents into socio-technical systems, humans risk gradual disempowerment. Both concerns call for a formal, quantitative measure of power. Two such measures in the context of Markov games are information-theoretic empowerment, the capacity of the channel from an agent's actions to future states, and capability-based individual power, a measure of goal attainment built from the probabilities that a human would attain each goal in a family of candidates were they pursuing it. We show where the two meet. From individual power, Fano's inequality yields a floor B(s). This floor is a lower bound on what we term goal revelation, the mutual information {I}(G;ξs) between the human's latent goal and the realised trajectory. Empowerment caps revelation from above, so that $B(s) {I}(G;ξs) {I}(A_h ξs) {E}_h(s)$. Each quantity can be large while the one below it stays at zero, highlighting the following failure modes. An assistant maximising empowerment can prefer an interface offering broad influence over goal-irrelevant degrees of freedom to one that lets the human attain every goal they might hold. An assistant maximising revelation cannot tell a working interface from one rewired so that every goal yields the wrong outcome, since relabelling goals leaves mutual information unchanged while zeroing every attainment probability. Positive guarantees therefore come only from the attainment end of the chain. A satisfaction floor, computable from two statistics of interaction logs, offers a way to monitor the power users retain in a deployed system, and simulations in random environments show the three quantities are correlated but far from interchangeable.

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arXiv AI Papers

MAC-v2: Long-horizon model-based value expansion from pixels

We study whether long-horizon model-based value expansion can serve as an effective framework in pixel-based offline reinforcement learning (RL). Long-horizon model-based value expansion from pixels is substantially harder than state-based environments, as the agent must learn both the representation and its dynamics, and errors from either can accumulate recursively over imagined trajectories. We introduce MAC-v2, which enables long-horizon model-based expansion from pixels by training a reconstruction-free latent world model with action chunking. By learning representations from prediction and control objectives, MAC-v2 does not need to encode control-irrelevant visual details that can hinder the dynamics prediction. Action chunking further mitigates the prediction error by reducing the number of recursive model predictions required for value expansion. Across diverse visual benchmarks including visual OGBench, MMBench2, Robomimic, and LIBERO-10, MAC-v2 achieves strong performance against model-free and model-based offline RL baselines. Our analyses show that long-horizon model-based value expansion is critical for the performance of MAC-v2, and that both action chunking and latent learning objectives are essential for reliable long-horizon latent imagination.

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arXiv AI Papers

How Do AI Agents Waste Your Money?

AI agents may consume massive tokens across a wide range of tasks, but how many of those tokens are really necessary? Although prior work has shown that agents can incur unexpectedly high token costs, we still lack a systematic way to identify and measure token waste. In this work, we introduce a unified framework for measuring token waste across heterogeneous agent systems. Our framework records and normalizes complete agent trajectories, identifies removable spans using an LLM-as-a-Judge (LLMaJ), and maps the identified text spans back to the original trajectory for token-level measurement. We validate the identified waste through direct interventions by removing marked spans, resuming agent execution, and measuring changes in task outcomes and subsequent actions. In online pruning experiments, we remove 41-46% of the model's reasoning while largely preserving task performance across two distinct agent benchmarks. Using this framework, we analyze agents across multiple settings. Our analysis shows that token waste has a system-level structure that aggregate token usage alone cannot reveal. First, waste varies more across tasks and agent settings than across models. Second, reasoning and visible execution can exhibit different waste patterns. Third, different harnesses can introduce distinct sources of inefficiency even under the same model and task. Overall, our framework transforms token waste into an actionable optimization signal, enabling researchers and practitioners to train more efficient models, design better reasoning strategies, and optimize agent harnesses toward reducing unnecessary computation rather than merely reducing token usage.

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arXiv AI Papers

SPILLWAY: Separating Target Admission from Sanitization to Defend Tool-Using Agents against Prompt Injection

Tool-using agents act on email, files, and payments, so an instruction hidden in a web page or a shared document can make an agent send data or money to an attacker. Many runtime defenses put a language model on the decision that lets an action through, so the decision depends on a model that may read the attacker's text and adds model calls to every step. Provenance defenses keep the model off the final check but need a model to plan or route each task first. Where an action goes can instead be read from the tools' typed returns: an email's sender or a payment's account arrives in a typed field, while injected instructions arrive as free text. SPILLWAY turns this observation into a deterministic floor with no per-task plan. The check admits a call when each target value that appears in tool output but not in the user's task was returned by a read-only tool in a typed field or is covered by a fixed delegation rule. A deterministic sanitizer removes instruction-like regions its fixed rules match before the model reads them and retains the removed spans as evidence, and a local judge may restore a refused call, never one whose target lies in the removed text. Across three backbones, and seven task suites on one of them, no standard templated injection redirects an action to an attacker's target under SPILLWAY, at the highest observed mean utility and composite scores (NRP, ERS) of the defenses we run under that attack. A forged chat template also produces a raw zero, and mean in-scope attack success under a released reinforcement-learning attacker is .007. SPILLWAY reaches this floor with no defense-triggered backbone re-run and almost no added model call. As personal AI agents act on users' email, files, and payments, SPILLWAY gives them an auditable refusal floor on where their actions go that keeps them useful and holds across backbones.

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arXiv AI Papers

A Framework for Context Enrichment and Selective Robustness in LLM Social Agents

Researchers use large language models as agents in social simulations, where agents are prompted with observations and background information intended to shape their actions. Yet LLM agents have been shown to substantially change their behavior under meaning-preserving prompt variations, creating a validation problem for social simulation. One plausible hypothesis is that this brittleness reflects a lack of grounding and can be reduced by enriching the context provided to the agents. Whether richer context improves robustness remains unclear, in part because context richness and robustness are rarely defined in ways that support controlled comparisons. We address the first need with controlled context enrichment, a set of prompt substitution rules that systematically enriches distinct types of context: neutral padding, generic social background, descriptive decision grounding, and normative decision grounding. We address the second by introducing selective robustness as a validation criterion: insensitivity to meaning-preserving prompt variation combined with a directional response to decision-relevant changes in the social world. We demonstrate the framework in a Prisoner's Dilemma-like game, showing how it can be used to identify which forms of context enrichment produce more desirable and robust agent behavior. We find that these forms of enrichment produce distinct behavioral patterns that vary between the two models tested.

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arXiv AI Papers

FrontierPhysics: Evaluating Agents for End-to-End Physics Research

AI agents are playing an increasingly important role in physics research. However, existing physics benchmarks only evaluate fixed questions, isolated sub-tasks, or paper reproduction with given solutions, and rarely check research quality alongside correctness. We introduce FrontierPhysics, an end-to-end benchmark with 56 tasks made by 42 physicists based on their own research, covering nine domains across theoretical, computational, and experimental physics. Each task requires agents to review the literature, develop a research plan, conduct research and experiments, and produce structured outputs and scientific manuscripts. Combining deterministic verifiers with expert-authored rubrics, FrontierPhysics evaluates whether agents' research is correct and publishable. Across 22 models in 26 configurations, no configuration passes more than 46 of its 168 rollouts. Manual review of agent trajectories shows that frontier agents' main weaknesses are insufficiently rigorous reasoning and limited expert intuition, rather than gaps in physics knowledge or execution errors.

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AWS Machine Learning Blog

Use decision models with Amazon Bedrock AgentCore Evaluations

Some agent-evaluation questions are narrow and repeatable, and decision models answer exactly that kind of question. This post shows how to connect two decision models, Jev and Strands Decider, to Amazon Bedrock AgentCore Evaluations through code-based evaluators, and how to validate a decision-model check before you gate a release on it.

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arXiv AI Papers

SpecCompact: Accelerating LLM Agent Context Compaction with Slot-Parallel Semantic Speculative Verification

LLM agents use context compaction to manage growing interaction histories, but summarizing long histories with large models can introduce substantial delays. Compaction therefore requires balancing information retention against latency. We observe that structured summary slots can retain information when generated independently. Based on this observation, we present SpecCompact, a framework that accelerates compaction through slot-parallel semantic speculation. SpecCompact fine-tunes a small drafter and generates slots in parallel. The target model verifies each proposed line and repairs rejected content, while subsequent drafting uses the updated slot prefix. System optimizations further reduce repeated context processing and model calls. Across AppWorld and τ^3 benchmarks with two target models, SpecCompact achieves 2.04--5.63compaction speedups over Hermes-style summarization. Separate downstream evaluations reveal model- and task-dependent performance trade-offs. A user study within Hermes further shows an 8.68median compaction speedup.

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arXiv AI Papers

On Turn-Level Best-of-N Sampling for Scaling LLM Agents

In this work, we evaluate a simple inference-time scaling approach based on turn-level best-of-N sampling () for large language model (LLM) agents on complex, long-horizon tasks. We instantiate this using a generator-selector framework with two LLMs; at each turn, a generator model generates N candidate actions and a selector model selects one of them, which is then executed in the environment. This paper is closely related to the work of {zainullina2025guided} who used critic models for guided search at inference time. Different from their work, we evaluate if off-the-shelf, open-weight LLMs can be effective at comparing different candidate actions directly. Experiments on long-horizon terminal tasks show that can lead to significant performance improvements, both in terms of accuracy (5--10\%) and consistency across repeated attempts. Analysis of agent trajectories reveal a shift in agent behaviour towards desirable patterns such as reduction in number of attempts to solve the task, improved task instruction following, debugging and testing.

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arXiv AI Papers

CompressionBench: How can your coding agents compress LLMs?

Recursive self-improvement requires AI systems to improve the models and infrastructure used by subsequent systems. LLM compression offers a concrete efficiency objective: retain a pretrained model's behavior within a smaller model storage budget. We study whether coding agents can carry out this step autonomously. We formulate compression as a terminal task in which an agent receives a source checkpoint, storage limit, inference environment, and time budget, then constructs compressed weights and executable inference code. The agent controls its algorithm and experiments; perplexity feedback guides search, and independent verification checks the final model. Across six agents and six model--size settings, 29 of 36 submissions pass verification. Selecting the lowest-perplexity agent design per task yields an average 3.4% perplexity increase over BF16 and 77.33% downstream accuracy, compared with 79.56% for BF16. Recorded experiments reveal how agents achieve these outcomes and where improvement breaks down. Agents lower PPL in 21 of 24 revisions at nearly fixed storage; complete-model feedback reverses 17 of 79 prior local rankings; and generation and inference tests expose failures that likelihood alone misses. The results identify representation design, experimental judgment, and capability validation as central to agent-driven model compression, a measurable component of efficiency-oriented self-improvement.

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arXiv AI Papers

LongBanana: An Expert-Verified Benchmark for Long-Context Multi-Reference Image Synthesis

We introduce LongBanana, to our knowledge the first expert-designed and expert-verified benchmark for long-context multi-reference image synthesis in the age of agent-driven image generation. The task requires retrieving dispersed visual evidence, rejecting distractors, binding entities and relations, and composing one coherent final image from multiple references. LongBanana contains 90 carefully designed tasks organized by a 3-by-3 taxonomy; each task includes about 32 reference images, 20 constraints, and 50 evaluation items, yielding 4,670 expert-specified atomic evaluation items in total. Its graph-grounded evaluation design instantiates each task with reference images and an entity-relation graph, then converts node, edge, and whole-graph obligations into checklist items for Content Fidelity, Relational Binding, and Global Constraint Satisfaction. Reviewed expert labels include a 15% double-labeled subset with 89.4% exact agreement and 0.83 quadratic weighted kappa. We further introduce LongBanana-Gen, an agent-harness framework for long-horizon image generation; experiments show that minimal agent harnesses improve over direct generation, while a ReAct-Plan-Exec-Reflect (RPR) workflow yields harness-dependent gains by strengthening evidence grounding and repair. Together, LongBanana provides an auditable testbed for measuring dense visual evidence use and a shared target for developing stronger agent-driven image-generation systems. Code and data are available at the project page: https://long-banana.com/.

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