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arXiv AI Papers

UTILMEM: Benchmarking Evidence Utilization in Long-Term Conversational Memory

Long-term memory is increasingly important for conversational agents, yet existing benchmarks primarily measure memory through pointwise factual recall: whether a system can recover isolated facts or event-level details from prior interactions. Real-world memory use, however, often requires a more demanding capability: integrating distributed, implicit, and noisy evidence across extended interaction histories into coherent, task-oriented outputs. We call this capability memory utilization. Here, we introduce UtilMem, a diagnostic benchmark comprising 1,717 instances across five domains, designed to evaluate four underexplored aspects of memory utilization: reasoning over dense histories, identifying implicitly relevant memories, synthesizing distributed evidence into summaries, analyses, or plans, and resisting interference from semantically similar distractors. Evaluating a diverse set of retrieval-based and memory-augmented systems, we find that strong performance on conventional factual-memory benchmarks does not reliably translate into effective memory utilization. Moreover, retrieval alone is insufficient: even when relevant evidence is successfully recovered, systems frequently fail to integrate information across sessions or to distinguish useful evidence from plausible distractors. These findings expose a substantial gap between accessing stored information and using it effectively, and suggest that progress in long-term conversational memory will require architectures that explicitly support evidence integration and robustness to retrieval interference. Code is available at https://github.com/peijunallin/UtilMem.

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arXiv AI Papers

CM2: Multimodal Cultural Reasoning via an Integrated Multi-Agent Framework

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable success in STEM domains, where progress is often driven by vertical, step-by-step deduction under relatively stable symbol systems. Their horizontal, interdisciplinary cultural reasoning, however, remains underexplored.We propose CM2, a multi-agent framework grounded in the cognitive pathway of human cultural interpretation. CM2 integrates multimodal perception, retrieval-augmented generation, networked reasoning, gated fusion, and reward-driven feedback.Experiments on CM2D across multiple MLLM backbones show consistent gains over CoT and typical reasoning paradigms; ablations validate each module's contribution, and conflict analyses confirm genuine cross-modal arbitration.

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arXiv AI Papers

Detect Before You Attribute: Cascade Failure Attribution for Multi-Agent Systems

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have shown strong potential in solving complex tasks through multi-step reasoning, yet they remain vulnerable to execution failures. Accurate failure attribution is therefore critical for improving agent reliability. Existing topology- and spectrum-based methods exploit trajectory structures but often overlook fine-grained semantics, while LLM-based attribution methods capture semantic cues but suffer from long-context degradation over lengthy trajectories. To address these challenges, we propose DUOTRACE, a plug-and-play detection filter for LLM-based failure attribution. DUOTRACE follows a detect-before-attribute paradigm: it first detects anomalous executions and then supplies focused trajectory evidence to downstream LLM-based attribution methods. For effective VAE-based anomaly detection on agent trajectories, DUOTRACE integrates dual-view semantic-structural node representations, a Tree-LSTM-based trajectory encoder, and prefix-chain- and LLM-based data augmentation to handle heterogeneous nodes, hierarchical execution structures, and limited failure data. Experiments with six LLM-based attribution baselines show that DUOTRACE improves agent-level and step-level attribution accuracy by 8.7% and 7.0%, respectively.

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arXiv AI Papers

Conducting Stylistic Analysis of Paintings through an Art-History Agent

Attributing an artwork to an artist has traditionally relied on detailed visual observations and descriptions, known as stylistic analysis in art history. By contrast, current artificial intelligence (AI) models used in the field offer only unexplained probabilistic classifications. To bridge this methodological gap, we present an AI framework that automates stylistic analysis of paintings, providing a foundation for enhancing evidence collection, discovery, and verification. By training a vision transformer (ViT) on a large corpus of paintings with metadata, our system encodes this art history-specific data as embeddings. These representations are factorized via sparse dictionary learning into a shared set of features that recur across the training set. A large language model (LLM) then interprets each feature by retrieving associated artworks and their accompanying curator-written texts, and synthesizes them into descriptions that reflect their stylistic attributes. Finally, an autonomous coordinator LLM applies a reasoning-and-action (ReAct) framework to weight, test, and refine these features into cohesive descriptions of an artwork, or comparisons of artworks. This approach converts detailed visual features into descriptive terms, addressing a key challenge in art history. It thus connects the use of images as data with the semantic concerns of humanists, establishing vision-based computational art history as an area for future growth.

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arXiv AI Papers

AgenticRag-R1: Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Stack Memory for Multi-Step Reasoning, Retrieval and Memorizing

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves the factuality of large language models (LLMs), yet existing RAG systems often struggle with complex, multi-step reasoning that requires adaptive retrieval and continuous revision of intermediate contexts. Recent reinforcement learning (RL)-based agentic RAG methods partially alleviate this issue, but typically rely on coarse-grained action spaces and trajectory-level rewards, resulting in weak reward assignment and a bias toward short-horizon, stereotyped reasoning template. To address, we propose AgenticRag-R1, a RL framework that deeply integrates reasoning, retrieval, and memory via a memory stack and fine-grained action space, supported by hierarchical action-aware rewards and an information-aware trajectory rejection strategy to enable effective long-horizon learning. Experiments across a diverse set of multi-hop, open-domain, and agentic reasoning benchmarks, spanning multiple backbone model sizes, demonstrate that AgenticRag-R1 consistently outperforms strong baselines. Moreover, AgenticRag-R1 learns more robust, interpretable, and memory-aware reasoning behaviors, highlighting the effect of fine-grained action modeling and information-aware optimization for long-horizon reasoning. Our code is anonymous available at https://github.com/jiangxinke/Harness-RL/tree/AgenticRAG-R1-Whitebox.

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arXiv AI Papers

CineForge: Self-Improving Agents for Long-Horizon Video Generation

Long-horizon story-driven video generation requires a production agent to coordinate narrative decomposition, state tracking, shot design, prompt construction, rendering, and revision across interdependent scenes. Existing adaptive video systems primarily refine requests or reusable skills, leaving recurring production failures disconnected from persistent, stage-targeted improvements across stories. We introduce CineForge, a self-evolving video-production agent framework that couples CineForge-Produce for video generation with CineForge-Evolve for cross-story policy evolution. CineForge-Produce organizes each source story into typed narrative, character, spatial, and cinematic states, uses them to coordinate asset and clip generation, and records the process as a canonical production trajectory. CineForge-Evolve applies Case-to-Pattern-to-Policy Evolution (CPPE) to review trajectory evidence, consolidate recurrent findings into bounded stage-local patches, and deploy validated updates through structural replay and confidence-controlled paired evaluation. To measure complete story realization, we introduce CineScope, which combines a 100-script CineScope-Data suite with a human-aligned, multiscale CineScope-Metric spanning causal state, directorial orchestration, pacing and resource allocation, and character arc. Across CineScope-Data and two public benchmarks, the evolved CineForge policy improves CineScope-Metric from 4.024 to 4.380, outperforms three long-video baselines with consistent gains under ScriptAgent, and reduces review LLM calls by 37.0% on new stories. These results establish production trajectories as actionable experience for video agents that improve cumulatively across long-form storytelling tasks.

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arXiv AI Papers

Memory-First Fact-Checking: A Knowledge-Graph-Grounded Multi-Agent System for Misinformation Detection

This paper introduces a hybrid fact-checking framework that integrates Knowledge Graph-based semantic memory with adversarial multi-agent reasoning for explainable misinformation detection. The proposed system follows a memory-first, web-fallback architecture, in which input claims are initially evaluated against a dual-index Knowledge Graph through Sentence-BERT-based semantic retrieval and Natural Language Inference. When the evidence retrieved from the graph is insufficient to support a reliable decision, the framework collects information from trusted web sources and assesses it using an adversarial tribunal composed of support, contradiction, and judging agents. A graph-aware confidence mechanism combines semantic similarity, NLI confidence, and structural graph evidence to determine whether internal knowledge is sufficient, thereby reducing unnecessary web retrieval. Following verification, validated information is transformed into structured triples and incorporated into the Knowledge Graph, supporting the incremental expansion of the system's semantic memory. Experimental evaluation on a curated COVID-19 misinformation benchmark demonstrates that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 97.4\% and a macro-averaged F1-score of 92.6% on resolved claims, outperforming a Llama~3.3~70B baseline, which obtains an accuracy of 87.7% and a macro-averaged F1-score of 86.3%.

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arXiv AI Papers

Forward-Deployed Full-Stack Engineering for Autonomous Cloud MLOps

Across industries, machine-learning systems support applications ranging from prediction and anomaly detection to forecasting, optimization, and scheduling, yet operationalizing these systems requires coordinating application development, model pipelines, cloud infrastructure, security, deployment, monitoring, retraining, recovery, and rollback. We present an evidence-gated multi-agent framework for transforming a natural-language MLOps cloud engineering task into a verified repository and operational cloud deployment. The framework combines graph engineering, loop engineering, and agent harness engineering. A stateful Graph Orchestrator coordinates specialized agents for repository generation, review, execution, verification, release, and monitoring while governing workflow dependencies, evidence gates, retry bounds, recovery paths, and termination. Consequential lifecycle transitions proceed only when their required predicates are supported by verifiable execution or runtime evidence. Verification failures activate bounded reflection, repair, and re-verification, while runtime evidence of failure, drift, degradation, or policy violation can trigger bounded adaptation, recovery, or rollback. Agent harness engineering constrains repository generation, review, and repair, artifact execution, and cloud operations through controlled capabilities and isolated execution environments. We realize the framework on Google Cloud Platform and evaluate repository completeness, controlled execution, evidence-gated transitions, cloud promotion, and bounded recovery. Our experimental results show that the framework prevents unsupported lifecycle transitions and drives each run toward either a verified operational deployment or an auditable terminal failure.

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arXiv AI Papers

LLMs Interpret, Embeddings Organize, Graphs Emerge: Agent-Driven Compilation of Scientific Knowledge

Sustained scientific work requires a knowledge substrate that carries interpretation across tasks and preserves paths to source evidence. We call this process scientific knowledge compilation and implement it in ASKS, the Agent-Driven Scientific Knowledge System. For each source, an LLM produces a readable Wiki view and machine-facing semantics. Deterministic checks convert the latter into a document-local GraphDelta, and embedding geometry together with explicit graph rules integrates the proposed changes into persistent state. Each ingest is an inspectable state transition over accumulated knowledge, with compiled Wiki and graph views linked to the preserved source record. We examine this process by chronologically compiling 56 published papers from one research program. Branch survival, cross-paper support, lineage, coverage, and churn yield a source-traceable author research portrait centered on tensor-network methods, with branches into quantum many-body research, tensor-network machine learning, and quantum-AI-oriented directions. In this run, higher-level Hub organization remains stable and low-churn. Canonical-node growth is predominantly additive. Graph-level measurements and navigation paths retain links to the source records from which they were compiled.

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arXiv AI Papers

Beyond Surface Alignment: Grounding the Dynamics of Situational Understanding and Generative Control in LLMs

The current alignment tuning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs) prioritizes surface-level behaviors -- fluency, safety, and tonal consistency. While effective for casual chat, this thesis argues that such surface alignment masks a lack of grounding, creating models that are stylistically confident but situationally brittle. We propose a framework of Grounded Alignment, analyzing how models process context (Input) and structure generation (Output), then aligning these grounded behaviors to human needs. First, we evaluate failures in Situational Grounding. SitTest shows that despite large context windows, state-of-the-art models struggle to maintain a consistent "mental model" of a changing environment. ReCode further shows that models rely on surface heuristics rather than deep syntactic dependencies: they "read" extensive histories without truly "understanding" the evolving situation. Second, we evaluate Generative Grounding. We introduce the Branching Factor (BF) to map LLM generation, finding that standard alignment tuning constricts this landscape into premature stylistic collapse. Hindsight further shows that models often fail to understand their own generations. Finally, we propose Dynamic Control for grounded interaction. AI Realtor demonstrates context engineering to compensate for poor situational grounding. Base-Aligned Model Collaboration decouples exploration from stylistic constraints. We also present Annealed Sampling for verifiable reinforcement learning and apply these ideas to Addiction Support, where model-generated rationalization offers a communication interface for high-stakes domains. Collectively, this work moves beyond surface alignment toward agents anchored in both context and generation.

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arXiv AI Papers

Agent Zero Memory: Provenance-Aware Long-Term Memory for LLM Agents

Large language model (LLM) agents need durable, faithful memory of everything a user or organization has said and stored, yet most memory systems commit to a single organizing structure (a fact store, a vector index, or a knowledge graph) and inherit its blind spots. We present Agent Zero Memory, a provenance-aware long-term memory system that distils a user's conversations, files, and connected sources into three parallel memory systems, each capturing a different facet of the same history: an episodic Memory Events timeline that makes when and what changed first-class, an associative entity-event knowledge graph that links people and projects across sessions, and a semantic, curated, citation-locked Hierarchical Documentary Memory (HDM) of durable facts. A retrieval turn runs an intent gate (so self-contained turns add no latency), a source router, and three concurrent agentic searches, one per system, each a tool-using loop over hybrid (embedding + lexical) search under agent-controlled filters; their grounded, cited answers are integrated into one answer with a single confidence. We formalize the reading discipline: every learned item is a provenanced item carrying its origin, timestamp, and evidence pointer, and every answer is read under a citation lock, so it may cite only evidence its reader actually opened; fabrication is structurally excluded and the system abstains rather than guesses. On two public benchmarks the system sets a new state of the art: 95.60% on LongMemEval and 93.60% on LoCoMo, improving over the strongest prior systems by +0.73 and +1.10 points. A controlled study across eight backbone LLMs characterizes the accuracy-cost-latency frontier: accuracy varies by only 3.4 points while per-query cost varies by ~30x, with near-state-of-the-art quality at up to 20x lower cost per query, the signature of memory-driven, rather than model-driven, quality.

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arXiv AI Papers

Hindsight Memory-PRM: Supervising Memory Management with Auditable Hindsight Credit

Memory operations of long-horizon LLM agents are hard to supervise: an operation's value is unobservable when it is taken. But they are special -- they leave machine-readable evidence in the trajectory: retrieval hits and answer-time citations. Hindsight Memory-PRM exploits this audit trail twice: offline to train an operation-conditioned memory-utility critic, and online, where retrievals, citations, and one controlled deletion-and-reanswer per probe settle an intervention-calibrated entry-level presence credit, propagated along version chains as an action-level proxy reward -- no per-operation human labels, no Monte-Carlo replay of continuations. On held-out LoCoMo a local 8B policy reaches 77.5% under a fixed shared reader, surpassing its API teacher (65.1%) and all reproduced external systems, at one eighth the context of Mem0's official operating point; on LongMemEval, 79.0%. Ablations attribute the gain to causal calibration rather than signal density, and the policy converges to a multi-version memory organization whose gains no tested open-loop baseline reproduces.

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arXiv AI Papers

Towards a Systems Foundation for Agentic Skills: Architecture, Lifecycle, and Security

Autonomous large language model (LLM) agents increasingly face reliability, context consumption, and execution stability bottlenecks when deployed on complex, long-horizon tasks. While monolithic prompt engineering and stateless tool-calling paradigms struggle to scale, the field is rapidly converging toward agentic skills: modular procedural abstractions that externalize execution knowledge into reusable, executable, and portable artifacts. This paper establishes a unified systems foundation and reference architecture for the agentic skills ecosystem. We formalize skills as externalized procedural knowledge bridging high-level cognitive planning with deterministic execution environments, and systematically delineate the architecture across a nine-stage lifecycle: autonomous discovery, authoring and representation formats, memory storage, dynamic retrieval and routing, composition and orchestration, execution and repair, lifelong adaptation, empirical evaluation, and security governance. We further examine marketplace dynamics, public registries, and emerging adversarial threat vectors, alongside runtime verification and defense mechanisms. Finally, we categorize system implementations across software engineering, operating system navigation, embodied robotics, and scientific discovery, while highlighting critical open challenges in continual learning and benchmark realism. This work establishes agentic skills as a foundational paradigm for building scalable, robust, and verifiable autonomous language agents.

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arXiv AI Papers

Which one is banana man? Evaluating vision-language models in multi-turn pragmatic interpretation

Flexible adaptation to context and shared pragmatic intuitions contribute to smooth human conversation. Iterated reference games---in which players repeatedly pick out novel referents using language---present a test case for agents' ability to perform context-sensitive pragmatic reasoning in multi-turn linguistic environments. We tested humans and vision--language models on their ability to identify the intended meaning of descriptions produced in iterated reference games, varying the provided context in terms of amount, order, and relevance. While humans performed well consistently, the models we evaluated could make use of prior context to interpret humans' referring expressions, but they struggled to build up the relevant context to interpret those expressions effectively. Our results suggest that the models we evaluated lack core skills needed for efficient linguistic collaboration.

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arXiv AI Papers

Asynchronous Cooperative Online Learning for Multi-Robot Control under Computational Delays

Ensuring the safe operation of multi-agent systems (MASs) under uncertain environments is crucial for cooperative robotic, where external disturbances and inaccurate dynamic models can significantly compromise performance and reliability. To address this challenge, calibrated machine learning models, particularly Gaussian process (GP) regression, are extensively employed due to their interpretable performance quantification. As the interconnected communication of MASs facilitates cooperative learning, agents are able to enhance learning performance by exchanging local GP inferences with their neighbors and aggregating the received information via distributed GP strategies. However, variations in computational power and prediction tasks among agents inevitably lead to heterogeneous computational delays and differences in query points, which are often overlooked in existing aggregation methods. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes an asynchronous cooperative learning strategy that explicitly accounts for prediction accuracy, query point variations and delay effects. Additionally, a distributed control law based on an adjoint MAS is developed to ensure the desired control performance. Simulations on unmanned surface vehicles validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, demonstrating substantial improvements in both learning and control performance compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.

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arXiv AI Papers

AGM: Achievement-Grounded Memory for Closed-Loop Agents with Frozen VLA Policies

Frozen vision-language-action (VLA) policies offer broad manipulation skills but execute open-loop action chunks without tracking task progress, so the agent cannot reliably decide whether to continue, retry, or terminate. External memory is a natural remedy, yet it can be harmful when attempted actions are treated as completed progress, turning local execution errors into persistent task-state errors. We propose Achievement-Grounded Memory (AGM), a lightweight closed-loop framework for frozen VLA policies that represents a task as a subgoal sequence with a progress pointer and advances this memory only after the current subgoal is verified by physical evidence. Proprioceptive interaction cues decide when to verify, while coherent point tracking and language-conditioned cross-view comparison, sourced from frozen foundation models through a single 2.43M-parameter verification head, decide what was achieved. AGM thereby converts open-loop execution into a closed loop of execution, verification, and progress, keeping the policy frozen without test-time large-model inference. On the RoboMME Counting benchmark, AGM reaches on PickXTimes and on BinFill, surpassing the strongest memory-augmented baseline by points on average, and the framework yields equally decisive gains on a physical robot. Reliable embodied memory thus depends more on disciplined state updates than on memory capacity.

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